Meaning From Environmental Sounds: Types of Signal–Referent Relations
and Their Effect on Recognizing Auditory Icons
Peter Keller and Catherine Stevens
University of Western Sydney
This article addresses the learnability of auditory icons, that is, environmental sounds that refer either
directly or indirectly to meaningful events. Direct relations use the sound made by the target event
whereas indirect relations substitute a surrogate for the target. Across 3 experiments, different indirect
relations (ecological, in which target and surrogate coexist in the world; metaphorical, in which target and
surrogate have similar appearance or function, and random) were compared with one another and with
direct relations on measures including associative strength ratings, amount of exposure required for
learning, and response times for recognizing icons. Findings suggest that performance is best with direct
relations, worst with random relations, and that ecological and metaphorical relations involve distinct
types of association but do not differ in learnability
FULL TEXT
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied Copyright 2004 by the American Psychological Association, Inc.
2004, Vol. 10, No. 1, 3–12 1076-898X/04/$12.00 DOI: 10.1037/1076-898X.10.1.3
Friday, 27 April 2018
Friday, 20 April 2018
Social media and young people
4/20/2018 Growing social media backlash among young people, survey shows | Media | The Guardian
Growing social media backlash among young people,
survey shows
Almost two-thirds of pupils say they would not care if the technology did not exist and talk of negative impact on wellbeing
Press Association
Thu 5 Oct 2017 00.01 BST
Almost two-thirds of schoolchildren would not mind if social media had never been invented, a survey has indicated.
The study provides evidence of a growing backlash among young people disillusioned with the negative aspects of the technology, such as online abuse and fake news.
As well as the 63% who would not care if it did not exist, even more pupils (71%) said they had taken temporary digital detoxes to escape social media.
The survey of about 5,000 students at independent and state schools in England was commissioned by Digital Awareness UK and the Headmasters’ and Headmistresses’ Conference (HMC), which represents the headteachers of independent schools around the world.
Many respondents indicated that social media was having a negative impact on their emotional wellbeing.
survey shows
Almost two-thirds of pupils say they would not care if the technology did not exist and talk of negative impact on wellbeing
Press Association
Thu 5 Oct 2017 00.01 BST
Almost two-thirds of schoolchildren would not mind if social media had never been invented, a survey has indicated.
The study provides evidence of a growing backlash among young people disillusioned with the negative aspects of the technology, such as online abuse and fake news.
As well as the 63% who would not care if it did not exist, even more pupils (71%) said they had taken temporary digital detoxes to escape social media.
The survey of about 5,000 students at independent and state schools in England was commissioned by Digital Awareness UK and the Headmasters’ and Headmistresses’ Conference (HMC), which represents the headteachers of independent schools around the world.
Many respondents indicated that social media was having a negative impact on their emotional wellbeing.
A total of 57% said they had received abusive comments online, 56% admitted to being on the
edge of addiction and 52% said social media made them feel less confident about how they
look or how interesting their life is.
While more than 60% believed friends showed a “fake version” of themselves on social media, 85% of pupils questioned denied they were guilty of that themselves.
The feedback was not all negative, with students identifying memes, filters/lenses and storytelling features, such as Snapchat Stories, among the things they like about social media.
Asked to recommend improvements, students urged less advertising (71%), less fake news (61%), more creative content (55%) and greater privacy (49%).
One in three of those surveyed said they would like to see social media provide more opportunities to earn income.
At Benenden, a private boarding school for girls in Kent, pupils recently undertook a voluntary three-day social media blackout when they handed over their phones.
The school’s headmistress, Samantha Price, said the survey results chimed with her experience of Benenden’s “phone fast”.
“In the run-up I was worried about how the girls would cope, but afterwards they were wondering what all the fuss had been about and said we should do it again but for even longer next time, which I found incredibly reassuring,” she said.
“When young people have time away from social media they see and feel the benefits: they sleep better, concentrate and therefore learn better and feel better. Of course, social media and the internet are not the enemy – there are enormous positives to them – but it is a matter of finding the right balance, and all schools should be working hard to help children to achieve that balance.”
Charlotte Robertson, the co-founder of Digital Awareness UK, said: “We speak to thousands of students on a daily basis about safe internet use and while it’s a matter of concern to see the emotional impact social media is having on young people’s health and wellbeing, it’s encouraging to see that they are also employing smart strategies such as digital detoxing to take control of their social media use.
“Social media allows us to be creative, connected, to campaign for things we believe in, to become entrepreneurs.
“It’s a platform that should be celebrated and if online abuse or fake news stops it from flourishing we all lose.
“This research is a real wake-up call for all of us working in social media to ensure that we listen to the needs of young people, who will ultimately dictate the direction in which the industry moves.”
Chris King, HMC’s chairman and headmaster of Leicester grammar school, said: “The findings of this poll may surprise teachers and parents but it will help them understand the pressures young people feel in the digital age.
“It is fascinating to see the first indications of a rebellion against social media and reminds us that they may need help to take breaks from its constant demands.
While more than 60% believed friends showed a “fake version” of themselves on social media, 85% of pupils questioned denied they were guilty of that themselves.
The feedback was not all negative, with students identifying memes, filters/lenses and storytelling features, such as Snapchat Stories, among the things they like about social media.
Asked to recommend improvements, students urged less advertising (71%), less fake news (61%), more creative content (55%) and greater privacy (49%).
One in three of those surveyed said they would like to see social media provide more opportunities to earn income.
At Benenden, a private boarding school for girls in Kent, pupils recently undertook a voluntary three-day social media blackout when they handed over their phones.
The school’s headmistress, Samantha Price, said the survey results chimed with her experience of Benenden’s “phone fast”.
“In the run-up I was worried about how the girls would cope, but afterwards they were wondering what all the fuss had been about and said we should do it again but for even longer next time, which I found incredibly reassuring,” she said.
“When young people have time away from social media they see and feel the benefits: they sleep better, concentrate and therefore learn better and feel better. Of course, social media and the internet are not the enemy – there are enormous positives to them – but it is a matter of finding the right balance, and all schools should be working hard to help children to achieve that balance.”
Charlotte Robertson, the co-founder of Digital Awareness UK, said: “We speak to thousands of students on a daily basis about safe internet use and while it’s a matter of concern to see the emotional impact social media is having on young people’s health and wellbeing, it’s encouraging to see that they are also employing smart strategies such as digital detoxing to take control of their social media use.
“Social media allows us to be creative, connected, to campaign for things we believe in, to become entrepreneurs.
“It’s a platform that should be celebrated and if online abuse or fake news stops it from flourishing we all lose.
“This research is a real wake-up call for all of us working in social media to ensure that we listen to the needs of young people, who will ultimately dictate the direction in which the industry moves.”
Chris King, HMC’s chairman and headmaster of Leicester grammar school, said: “The findings of this poll may surprise teachers and parents but it will help them understand the pressures young people feel in the digital age.
“It is fascinating to see the first indications of a rebellion against social media and reminds us that they may need help to take breaks from its constant demands.
“The respondents also had clear advice to social networks about the need to consider the
quality and trustworthiness of their content.
“Schools will be able to use these insights to help pupils live comfortably and safely online and use good judgment when using social media.”
The survey, which was launched at the HMC’s annual conference in Belfast, was carried out in September among students at state-funded and independent schools in England.
Most of the responses came from students in years nine, 10 and 11.
“Schools will be able to use these insights to help pupils live comfortably and safely online and use good judgment when using social media.”
The survey, which was launched at the HMC’s annual conference in Belfast, was carried out in September among students at state-funded and independent schools in England.
Most of the responses came from students in years nine, 10 and 11.
https://www.theguardian.com/media/2017/oct/05/growing-social-media-backlash-among-young-people-survey-shows 2/3
4/20/2018 Growing social media backlash among young people, survey shows | Media | The Guardian
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